Hunglish
Hunglish refers to any mixing of the English and Hungarian languages as a result of linguistic interference. This most often involves ungrammatical or awkward English expressions typical of Hungarian learners of English, as well as English words and phrases imported into the Hungarian language. The term is a portmanteau of Hungarian and English. The word is first recorded in 1978.[1] The word is most popular in North England, especially in South Yorkshire.
As the prominence and influence of the English language in Hungary increases, Hunglish has also come to refer to the indirect effect of English on the modern-day Hungarian language.[2] Some Hungarians believe this effect to be a negative one, claiming that English influence causes Hungarians to make grammatical, orthographic, and stylistic errors in their own mother tongue, and that traditional Hungarian expressions and terms are being crowded out by ones derived from English.[3] Other Hungarians see this phenomenon as a natural process of linguistic interaction, and believe that features imported from English into Hungarian should be regarded as linguistic developments, rather than grammatical errors.
Examples in English
Characteristic mistakes of Hungarians speaking English include:
- Use of verbs with inappropriate prepositional phrases (e.g. "I remember to him," "I need to food"). A wide variety of grammatical cases are used in Hungarian to express verb objects; these cases are then mistranslated based on common English translations in other contexts.[citation needed]
- Failure to capitalize proper nouns or adjectives (e.g. "I have english class on monday"). Many English proper nouns are considered common in Hungarian (such as days, months and languages); the grammar has no concept of proper adjectives at all. [citation needed]
- Omission of the word is (e.g. "My name Gábor").[citation needed]
- Ungrammatical use of reflexive pronouns (e.g. "I feel myself good" rather than "I feel good").[citation needed]
- Use of third-person pronouns in the wrong gender (e.g. "My mother bought himself a purse"). Hungarian has only one third-person pronoun, ő, used for both male and female genders.[citation needed]
- Failure to use the imperfect tense, which does not exist in Hungarian (e.g. "I slept when she arrived" rather than "I was sleeping when she arrived").[citation needed]
- Overuse of the definite article the (e.g. "the patience is a virtue" rather than "patience is a virtue").[citation needed]
Examples in Hungarian
- The Hungarian word karakter traditionally means "personality," but is now often used as in English to mean "character" as in "the main character of the novel."[citation needed]
- Words which are capitalized in English but traditionally not in Hungarian, such as days of the week and nationalities, are increasingly capitalized in Hungarian as well.[citation needed]
- Idővonal, a calque of the English "timeline" is increasingly used in place of the more traditional words időrend and kronológia.[citation needed]
- Terms that are split into two words in English are increasingly also split in Hungarian, such as szoftver fejlesztő (software developer) in place of the more traditional szoftverfejlesztő.[citation needed]
- Egérpad is often used to mean "mouse pad," superseding the original term egéralátét (lit. "mouse underlay"). Some Hungarians object to this term because the Hungarian pad means "bench," and egérpad therefore literally translates to "mouse bench."[citation needed]
See also
- Language interference
- Mixed language
References
- ^ Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 14. doi:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
- ^ "Nádasdy Ádám: Mi az angol". seas3.elte.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
- ^ "Tótfalusi István: Hogy mi ne legyünk angol nyelvi gyarmat…". www.tanszertar.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2019-02-06.
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languages
- Cameroon Pidgin+French+English Camfranglais
- Bengali+Persian+Arabic Dobhashi
- Italian+Spanish+French+Arab Sabir †
- English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil Singlish and Manglish
- Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic Yiddish
- Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan Wutun language
- Chinese+Tagalog+English Hokaglish
- Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch Betawi
- Arabic Arablish
- Bengali Banglish
- Czech Czenglish
- Chinese Chinglish
- Chinese+Tagalog Hokaglish
- Danish Danglish
- Dutch Dunglish
- Finnish Finglish
- French Franglais
- German Denglisch
- Greek Greeklish
- Hebrew Heblish, Yeshivish
- Hindi Hinglish
- Hong Kong
- Hungarian Hunglish
- Irish Béarlachas
- Italian Itanglese
- Japanese Engrish, Wasei-eigo, Bonin English
- Kannada Kanglish
- Korean Konglish
- Maltese Maltenglish
- Malayalam Manglish (Malayalam)
- Malaysian Manglish
- Namibia Namlish
- Polish Poglish
- Portuguese Porglish/Portuglish
- Russian Runglish, Solombala English
- Sicilian Siculish
- Singaporean Singlish
- Spanish Spanglish, Llanito
- Swedish Swenglish
- Tagalog Taglish/Englog
- Tamil Tanglish
- Telugu Tenglish
- Thai Tinglish
- Turkish Turklish
- Urdu Urdish
- Vietnamese Vinish
- Visayan Bislish
- Yiddish Yinglish, Yeshivish
- See also:
- English Arablish
- South Sudan local languages Juba Arabic
- Greek Cypriot Arabic
- Jordanian+Bengali Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
- English Chinglish, Chinese Pidgin English
- English+Malay+Tamil Singlish and Manglish
- English+Tagalog Hokaglish
- Tibetan Daohua
- Mongolian+Tibetan Wutun language
- Uyghur Hezhou language
- Russian Kyakhta
- Japanese Kyowa-go
- Inter-topolects Linghua, Shaozhou Tuhua
- Tai E language
- Hmongic Maojia dialect
- Santa Tangwang language
- Malay+Javanese Baba Malay, Betawi
- Spanish Frespañol/Fragnol
- Japanese Franponais
- Occitan Meridional French
- English Franglais
- Hebrew Zarphatic
- Gallo-Italic Franco-Italian
Language
- American Sign Language Bolivian Sign Language, Thai Sign Language, Philippine Sign Language, Malaysian Sign Language
- Russian Deutschrussisch
- Spanish Belgranodeutsch
- English Denglisch
- Portuguese Hunsrik (when Portuguese-influenced)
- Hebrew Yiddish
- Yiddish Lachoudisch
- English Greeklish
- Hebrew Judeo-Greek
- Turkish Cappadocian Greek
- Arabic languages Judeo-Arabic languages
- Aramaic languages Judeo-Aramaic languages
- Iranian languages Judaeo-Iranian languages
- Romance languages Judaeo-Romance languages
- German Yiddish
- Spanish Judaeo-Spanish, Haketia
- English Heblish, Yinglish, Yeshivish
- Georgian Judaeo-Georgian
- Malayalam Judeo-Malayalam
- Tatar Karaim, Krymchak
- Slavic Knaanic
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- Indic Judeo-Marathi
- English Itanglese
- Spanish Cocoliche, Lunfardo
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- Croatian Fiuman dialect
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- English Engrish, Wasei-eigo, Bonin English
- Portuguese Dekasegi Portuguese
- French Franponais
- Chinese Kyowa-go
- Malay trade and creole languages
- English+Chinese+Tamil Singlish and Manglish
- Chinese Baba Malay
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- Sinhalese+Tamil Sri Lankan Malay
- Ternate Manado Malay, North Moluccan Malay, Ambonese Malay
- Dutch Petjo
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- Spanish Portuñol/Portunhol
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- Italian languages Macaronic Portuguese
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- Gallo-Italic languages Talian (when Portuguese-influenced)
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- Bantu languages Cafundó dialect (cupópia), Gira da Tabatinga, Kalunga
- Hebrew Judeo-Portuguese
- Southeast Asian languages Macanese Patois
- German Deutschrussisch
- Ukrainian Surzhyk, Balachka
- Belarusian Trasianka
- Norwegian Russenorsk
- English Runglish, Solombala English
- Chinese Kyakhta
languages
- Danish+English Danglish
- Norwegian+Russian Russenorsk
- Norwegian+Spanish Norspañol
- Norwegian+Swedish Svorsk
- Swedish+English Swenglish
- Portuguese Portuñol/Portunhol
- German Belgranodeutsch
- English Spanglish, Llanito
- Italian languages Cocoliche, Lunfardo
- Gallo-Italic languages Chipilo
- Galician Castrapo
- French Frespañol/Fragnol
- Guarani Jopará
- Norwegian Norspañol
- Belarusian West Polesian
- English Canadian Ukrainian
- Polish Balak
- Russian Surzhyk, Balachka
- English Heblish, Yinglish, Yeshivish
- Scots Scots Yiddish
- German Lachoudisch