Bulbul
Bulbul | |
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Hypsipetes amaurotis | |
Naučna klasifikacija ![]() | |
Domen: | Eukaryota |
Carstvo: | Animalia |
Tip: | Chordata |
Klasa: | Aves |
Red: | Passeriformes |
Infrared: | Passerida |
Porodica: | Pycnonotidae Gray, GR, 1840 |
Rodovi | |
Pogledajte tekst | |
Sinonimi | |
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Bulbuli su familija, Pycnonotidae, ptica pevačica srednje veličine. Porodica je raspoređena u većem delu Afrike i na Bliskom istoku, tropskoj Aziji do Indonezije i severno do Japana. Domovina bulbula je Irak. Nekoliko ostrvskih vrsta se pojavljuje na tropskim ostrvima Indijskog okeana. Postoji preko 150 vrsta u 27 rodova. Dok se neke vrste nalaze u većini staništa, afričke vrste se uglavnom nalaze u prašumi. Međutim, vrste iz kišnih šuma su retke u Aziji, i azijske bulbuli preferiraju otvorenije prostore.
Taksonomija i sistematika
Etimologija
Reč bulbul je izvedena iz persijskog i arapskog (بلبل),[1][2] sa značenjem slavuj,[3] mada se bulbul odnosi na vrabaste ptice različite familije.
Rodovi
Trenutno je definisano 27 rodova:[4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Spizixos_semitorques.jpg/250px-Spizixos_semitorques.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Red-whiskered_Bulbul-web.jpg/250px-Red-whiskered_Bulbul-web.jpg)
- Rod Nok
- Rod Spizixos – (2 vrste)
- Rod Pycnonotus – (49 vrsta)
- Rod Arizelocichla – (12 vrsta)
- Rod Stelgidillas
- Rod Eurillas – (5 vrsta)
- Rod Andropadus
- Rod Calyptocichla
- Rod Baeopogon – (2 vrste)
- Rod Ixonotus
- Rod Chlorocichla – (5 vrsta)
- Rod Atimastillas
- Rod Thescelocichla
- Rod Phyllastrephus – (21 vrsta)
- Rod Bleda – (4 species)
- Rod Criniger – (5 vrsta)
- Rod Alophoixus – (7 vrsta)
- Rod Acritillas
- Rod Setornis
- Rod Tricholestes
- Rod Iole – (6 vrsta)
- Rod Ixos – (4 vrste)
- Rod Thapsinillas – (3 vrste)
- Rod Hemixos – (3 vrste)
- Rod Hypsipetes – (15 izumrlih i 1 postojeća vrsta)
- Rod Cerasophila
- Rod Neolestes
Vrste
- Acritillas indica (Jerdon, 1839)
- Alophoixus bres (Lesson, 1831)
- Alophoixus finschii (Salvadori, 1871)
- Alophoixus flaveolus (Gould, 1836)
- Alophoixus frater (Sharpe, 1877)
- Alophoixus ochraceus (Moore, 1854)
- Alophoixus pallidus (Swinhoe, 1870)
- Alophoixus phaeocephalus (Hartlaub, 1844)
- Andropadus importunus (Vieillot, 1818)
- Arizelocichla chlorigula (Reichenow, 1899)
- Arizelocichla fusciceps (Shelley, 1893)
- Arizelocichla kakamegae (Sharpe, 1900)
- Arizelocichla kikuyuensis (Sharpe, 1891)
- Arizelocichla masukuensis (Shelley, 1897)
- Arizelocichla milanjensis (Shelley, 1894)
- Arizelocichla montana (Reichenow, 1892)
- Arizelocichla neumanni Hartert, 1922
- Arizelocichla nigriceps (Shelley, 1889)
- Arizelocichla olivaceiceps (Shelley, 1896)
- Arizelocichla striifacies (Reichenow & Neumann, 1895)
- Arizelocichla tephrolaema (G. R. Gray, 1862)
- Atimastillas flavicollis (Swainson, 1837)
- Baeopogon clamans (Sjöstedt, 1893)
- Baeopogon indicator (J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1855)
- Bleda canicapillus (Hartlaub, 1854)
- Bleda eximius (Hartlaub, 1855)
- Bleda notatus (Cassin, 1856)
- Bleda syndactylus (Swainson, 1837)
- Calyptocichla serinus (J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1855)
- Cerasophila thompsoni Bingham, 1900
- Chlorocichla falkensteini (Reichenow, 1874)
- Chlorocichla flaviventris (A. Smith, 1834)
- Chlorocichla laetissima (Sharpe, 1899)
- Chlorocichla prigoginei De Roo, 1967
- Chlorocichla simplex (Hartlaub, 1855)
- Criniger barbatus (Temminck, 1821)
- Criniger calurus (Cassin, 1856)
- Criniger chloronotus (Cassin, 1859)
- Criniger ndussumensis Reichenow, 1904
- Criniger olivaceus (Swainson, 1837)
- Eurillas ansorgei (Hartert, 1907)
- Eurillas curvirostris (Cassin, 1859)
- Eurillas gracilis (Cabanis, 1880)
- Eurillas latirostris (Strickland, 1844)
- Eurillas virens (Cassin, 1857)
- Hemixos castanonotus Swinhoe, 1870
- Hemixos cinereus (Blyth, 1845)
- Hemixos flavala Blyth, 1845
- Hypsipetes amaurotis (Temminck, 1830)
- Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster, 1781)
- Hypsipetes crassirostris E. Newton, 1867
- Hypsipetes everetti (Tweeddale, 1877)
- Hypsipetes ganeesa Sykes, 1832
- Hypsipetes guimarasensis (Steere, 1890)
- Hypsipetes leucocephalus (Gmelin, 1789)
- Hypsipetes madagascariensis (Statius Muller, 1776)
- Hypsipetes mindorensis (Steere, 1890)
- Hypsipetes moheliensis (Benson, 1960)
- Hypsipetes olivaceus Jardine & Selby, 1837
- Hypsipetes parvirostris Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885
- Hypsipetes philippinus (J. R. Forster, 1795)
- Hypsipetes rufigularis (Sharpe, 1877)
- Hypsipetes siquijorensis (Steere, 1890)
- Iole olivacea Blyth, 1844
- Iole palawanensis (Tweeddale, 1878)
- Iole propinqua (Oustalet, 1903)
- Iole virescens Blyth, 1845
- Ixonotus guttatus J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1851
- Ixos malaccensis (Blyth, 1845)
- Ixos mcclellandii (Horsfield, 1840)
- Ixos nicobariensis (Moore, 1854)
- Ixos virescens Temminck, 1825
- Malia grata Schlegel, 1880
- Neolestes torquatus Cabanis, 1875
- Phyllastrephus albigula (Grote, 1919)
- Phyllastrephus albigularis (Sharpe, 1882)
- Phyllastrephus alfredi (Shelley, 1903)
- Phyllastrephus baumanni Reichenow, 1895
- Phyllastrephus cabanisi (Sharpe, 1882)
- Phyllastrephus cerviniventris Shelley, 1894
- Phyllastrephus debilis (W. L. Sclater, 1899)
- Phyllastrephus fischeri (Reichenow, 1879)
- Phyllastrephus flavostriatus (Sharpe, 1876)
- Phyllastrephus fulviventris Cabanis, 1876
- Phyllastrephus hypochloris (Jackson, 1906)
- Phyllastrephus icterinus (Bonaparte, 1850)
- Phyllastrephus leucolepis Gatter, 1985
- Phyllastrephus lorenzi Sassi, 1914
- Phyllastrephus placidus (Shelley, 1889)
- Phyllastrephus poensis Alexander, 1903
- Phyllastrephus poliocephalus (Reichenow, 1892)
- Phyllastrephus scandens Swainson, 1837
- Phyllastrephus strepitans (Reichenow, 1879)
- Phyllastrephus terrestris Swainson, 1837
- Phyllastrephus xavieri (Oustalet, 1892)
- Pycnonotus atriceps (Temminck, 1822)
- Pycnonotus aurigaster (Vieillot, 1818)
- Pycnonotus barbatus (Desfontaines, 1789)
- Pycnonotus bimaculatus (Horsfield, 1821)
- Pycnonotus blanfordi Jerdon, 1862
- Pycnonotus brunneus Blyth, 1845
- Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Pycnonotus capensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
- Pycnonotus cinereifrons (Tweeddale, 1878)
- Pycnonotus cyaniventris Blyth, 1842
- Pycnonotus dispar (Horsfield, 1821)
- Pycnonotus dodsoni Sharpe, 1895
- Pycnonotus erythropthalmos (Hume, 1878)
- Pycnonotus eutilotus (Jardine & Selby, 1837)
- Pycnonotus finlaysoni Strickland, 1844
- Pycnonotus flavescens Blyth, 1845
- Pycnonotus flaviventris (Tickell, 1833)
- Pycnonotus fuscoflavescens (Hume, 1873)
- Pycnonotus goiavier (Scopoli, 1786)
- Pycnonotus gularis (Gould, 1836)
- Pycnonotus hualon I. A. Woxvold, J. W. Duckworth & R. J. Timmins, 2009
- Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Pycnonotus leucogenys (J. E. Gray, 1835)
- Pycnonotus leucogrammicus (S. Muller, 1836)
- Pycnonotus leucotis (Gould, 1836)
- Pycnonotus luteolus (Lesson, 1841)
- Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin, 1789)
- Pycnonotus melanoleucos (Eyton, 1839)
- Pycnonotus montis (Sharpe, 1879)
- Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii (Finsch, 1901)
- Pycnonotus nigricans (Vieillot, 1818)
- Pycnonotus penicillatus Blyth, 1851
- Pycnonotus plumosus Blyth, 1845
- Pycnonotus priocephalus (Jerdon, 1839)
- Pycnonotus simplex Lesson, 1839
- Pycnonotus sinensis (Gmelin, 1789)
- Pycnonotus somaliensis Reichenow, 1905
- Pycnonotus squamatus (Temminck, 1828)
- Pycnonotus striatus (Blyth, 1842)
- Pycnonotus taivanus Styan, 1893
- Pycnonotus tricolor (Hartlaub, 1862)
- Pycnonotus tympanistrigus (S. Muller, 1836)
- Pycnonotus urostictus (Salvadori, 1870)
- Pycnonotus xantholaemus (Jerdon, 1845)
- Pycnonotus xanthopygos (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
- Pycnonotus xanthorrhous Anderson, 1869
- Pycnonotus zeylanicus (Gmelin, 1789)
- Setornis criniger Lesson, 1839
- Spizixos canifrons Blyth, 1845
- Spizixos semitorques Swinhoe, 1861
- Stelgidillas gracilirostris (Strickland, 1844)
- Thapsinillas affinis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
- Thapsinillas longirostris (Wallace, 1863)
- Thapsinillas mysticalis (Wallace, 1863)
- Thescelocichla leucopleura (Cassin, 1855)
- Tricholestes criniger (Blyth, 1845)
Reference
- ^ Kordova, Shoshana (13. 7. 2014). „Word of the Day / Bulbul: Just Don't Confuse the Bird With the Man”. haaretz.com. Haaretz. Приступљено 31. 12. 2017.
- ^ Klein, Ernest (1987). „A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of Hebrew Language” (PDF). Приступљено 31. 12. 2017.
- ^ Fishpool et al. (2005)
- ^ „Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List”. www.worldbirdnames.org (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 7. 3. 2017.
Literatura
- Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G.; Crowe, T.M. (2005). „African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'”. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 272 (1565): 849—858. PMC 1599865
. PMID 15888418. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997.
- Cibois, Alice (2001). „AN ENDEMIC RADIATION OF MALAGASY SONGBIRDS IS REVEALED BY MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCE DATA”. Evolution. 55: 1198. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2.
- Delacour, J (1943). „A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls)”. Zoologica. 28 (1): 17—28.
- Fishpool L. & Tobias J. (2005) "Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) in del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
- Moyle, Robert G. (2006). „Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40: 687—695. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.015.
- Pasquet, Éric; Han, Lian-Xian; Khobkhet, Obhas; Cibois, Alice (2001). „Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger, and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae)” (PDF). Zoosystema. 23 (4): 857—863. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 16. 8. 2009. г. Приступљено 12. 1. 2007.
Spoljašnje veze
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Bulbul photos and videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Family characters