Operasi Freedom Deal
Operasi Freedom Deal | |||||||
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Bagian dari Perang Vietnam | |||||||
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Pihak terlibat | |||||||
Amerika Serikat Republik Khmer | Republik Demokratik Vietnam Khmer Merah | ||||||
Tokoh dan pemimpin | |||||||
Richard M. Nixon | Pol Pot | ||||||
Korban | |||||||
Pejuang Khmer Merah dan warga sipil Kamboja: 40,000–150,000 tewas[2][3][4] Angka tersebut merujuk kepada seluruh pengeboman AS terhadap Kamboja, termasuk pengeboman Operasi Menu. Korban Vietnam: tidak diketahui |
- l
- b
- s
- Laos
- Chopper
- Sunrise
- Palace Bombing
- 1st Ap Bac
- Go Cong
- Hiep Hoa
- 34A
- Long Dinh
- Kien Long
- Quyet Thang 202
- USNS Card
- Nam Dong
- An Lao
- Binh Gia
- Camp Holloway
- Qui Nhơn
- Sông Bé
- Ba Gia
- Dong Xoai
American intervention 1965
- Starlite
- Piranha
- An Ninh
- Plei Me
- Hump
- Gang Toi
- Bàu Bàng ke-1
- Ia Drang
- Bushmaster II
- Harvest Moon
1966
- Marauder
- Crimp
- Van Buren
- Masher/White Wing
- Double Eagle
- Mastiff
- Suoi Bong Trang
- New York
- Harrison
- Cocoa Beach
- Utah
- Silver City
- A Sau
- Oregon
- Texas
- Lincoln
- Fillmore
- Jackstay
- Buddhist Uprising
- Xa Cam My
- Georgia
- Birmingham
- Davy Crockett
- Austin IV
- Paul Revere
- Crazy Horse
- El Paso
- Hardihood
- Wahiawa
- Lam Son II
- Hawthorne
- Hill 488
- Nathan Hale
- Jay
- Macon
- Hastings
- Minh Thanh Road
- John Paul Jones
- Prairie
- Colorado
- Duc Co
- Long Tan
- SS Baton Rouge Victory
- Amarillo
- Byrd
- Sunset Beach
- Seward
- Thayer, Irving and Thayer II
- Attleboro
- Deckhouse IV
- Shenandoah
- Atlanta
- Paul Revere IV
- Geronimo
- Tan Son Nhut airbase
- Fairfax
- Firebase Bird
1967
- Deckhouse V
- Cedar Falls
- Desoto
- Gadsden
- Sam Houston
- Pershing
- Enterprise
- Tra Binh Dong
- Bribie
- Junction City (1st Prek Klok
- 2nd Prek Klok
- Ap Gu
- Suoi Tre
- Bàu Bàng ke-2)
- Francis Marion
- Lejeune
- Union
- Baker
- Manhattan
- The Hill Fights
- Beaver Cage
- Con Thien/DMZ
- Hickory
- Prairie II
- Prairie III
- Prairie IV
- Buffalo
- Kentucky
- Kingfisher
- Malheur I and Malheur II
- Kole Kole
- Barking Sands
- Union II
- Dragnet
- Akron
- Billings
- Concordia
- The Slopes
- Hong Kil Dong
- Diamond Head
- Coronado
- Coronado II
- Hood River
- Suoi Chau Pha
- Benton
- Coronado IV
- Swift
- Dragon Fire
- Wheeler/Wallowa
- Coronado V
- Kunia
- Bolling
- Medina
- Shenandoah II
- Ong Thanh
- 1st Loc Ninh
- MacArthur
- Dak To
- Osceola
- Lancaster
- Coronado IX
- Neosho
- Santa Fe
- Essex
- Kien Giang 9-1
- Napoleon
- Phoenix
- Manchester
- Saratoga
- Yellowstone
- Muscatine
- Badger Tooth
- Auburn
Serangan Tet dan pascanya
- New Year's Day Perang 1968
- McLain
- Khe Sanh
- Ban Houei Sane
- Lang Vei
- Coronado X
- Tet Offensive
- Saigon
- US Embassy
- Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack
- Tan Son Nhut Air Base
- Joint General Staff Compound
- Bien Hoa and Long Binh
- Hue
- Quảng Trị
- Bến Tre
- Coburg
- Lo Giang
- Hop Tac I
- Coronado XI
- Patrick
- Tam Kỳ
- Truong Cong Dinh
- Lima Site 85
- Quyet Thang
- My Lai Massacre
- Walker
- Carentan
- Pegasus
- Cochise Green
- Toan Thang I
- Burlington Trail
- Scotland II
- Delaware
- Allen Brook
- May Offensive
- Dai Do
- West Saigon
- Landing Zone Center
- An Bao
- South Saigon
- Kham Duc
- Coral–Balmoral
- Jeb Stuart III
- Nevada Eagle
- Mameluke Thrust
- Toan Thang II
- Robin
- Binh An
- Thor
- Pocahontas Forest
- Quyet Chien
- Somerset Plain
- Phase III Offensive
- Duc Lap
- Champaign Grove
- Vinh Loc
- Thượng Đức
- Maui Peak
- Henderson Hill
- Sheridan Sabre
- Meade River
- Hat Dich
- Speedy Express
- Taylor Common
- Fayette Canyon
Vietnamization 1969–71
- DMZ Campaign (1969-71)
- Bold Mariner
- Dewey Canyon
- Toan Thang III
- 2nd Tet
- Iron Mountain
- Massachusetts Striker
- Purple Martin
- Maine Crag
- Frederick Hill
- Geneva Park
- Montana Mauler
- Oklahoma Hills
- Washington Green
- Virginia Ridge
- Apache Snow
- Hamburger Hill
- Lamar Plain
- Pipestone Canyon
- Binh Ba
- Montgomery Rendezvous
- Utah Mesa
- Campbell Streamer
- Idaho Canyon
- Nantucket Beach
- Fulton Square
- LZ Kate
- Toan Thang IV
- Randolph Glen
- Green River
- Texas Star
- FSB Ripcord
- Cambodian Campaign
- Pennsylvania Square
- Clinch Valley
- Elk Canyon
- Pickens Forest
- Wolfe Mountain
- Chicago Peak
- Firebase O'Reilly
- Chenla I
- Imperial Lake
- Jefferson Glenn
- Tailwind
- Son Tay Raid
- Snuol
- Cuu Long 44-02
- Lam Son 719
- Finney Hill
- Middlesex Peak
- FSB Mary Ann
- Caroline Hill
- Long Khánh
- Chenla II
- Nui Le
Easter Offensive (1972)
- 2nd Quang Trị
- 2nd Loc Ninh
- An Lộc
- Kontum
- Thunderhead
- 3rd Quang Trị
- War of the flags
- Cửa Việt
- The Vinh wiretap
Post-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)
- Hồng Ngự
- Tong Le Chon
- Trung Nghia
- Ap Da Bien
- Quang Duc
- Tri Phap
- Svay Rieng
- Iron Triangle
- Duc Duc
- Thượng Đức
- Phú Lộc
- Phuoc Long
Spring 1975
- Ban Me Thuot
- Hue–Da Nang
- Phan Rang
- Xuân Lộc
- Kejatuhan Phnom Penh
- Kejatuhan Saigon
- Mayaguez incident
Air operations
- Farm Gate
- Chopper
- Ranch Hand
- Pierce Arrow
- Barrel Roll
- Pony Express
- Flaming Dart
- Iron Hand
- Rolling Thunder
- Steel Tiger
- Arc Light
- Combat Skyspot
- Tiger Hound
- Shed Light
- Thanh Hoa
- Bolo
- Popeye
- Yen Vien
- Niagara
- Igloo White
- Commando Hunt
- Giant Lance
- Menu
- Patio
- Freedom Deal
- Linebacker I
- Enhance Plus
- Linebacker II
- Homecoming
- Pengeboman Pangkalan udara Tan Son Nhut
- Babylift
- New Life
- Eagle Pull
- Frequent Wind
Naval operations
- Yankee & Dixie stations
- Gulf of Tonkin
- Market Time
- Vung Ro Bay
- Game Warden
- Double Eagle
- PIRAZ
- Sea Dragon
- Deckhouse Five
- Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River
- Sealords
- Đồng Hới
- Pocket Money
- Custom Tailor
- End Sweep
- Paracel Islands
- East Sea
Operasi Freedom Deal adalah sebuah kampanye dukungan udara tertutup dan interdiksi Seventh Air Force AS yang dilakukan di Kamboja (kemudian Republik Khmer) antara 19 Mei 1970 dan 15 Agustus 1973, pada masa Perang Vietnam. Target awal dari operasi tersebut dan wilayah-wilayah markas dan suaka-suaka perbatasan Tentara Rakyat Vietnam dan Khmer Merah. Pada masa itu, sebagian besar pengeboman dilakukan untuk mendukung pemerintah Kamboja dalam perjuangannya melawan komunis Khmer Merah. Wilayah dimana pengeboman tersebut terjadi meliputi sebagian besar setengah bagian timur Kamboja.
Operasi Freedom Deal menyusul dan meneruskan pengeboman Kamboja yang dilakukan di bawah Operasi Menu pada 1969 dan 1970. Kebanyakan pengeboman dilakukan oleh pesawat pengebom berat Angkatan Udara AS B-52. Dampak pengeboman tersebut dan jumlah warga sipil yang terbunuh oleh pengeboman AS dipersengketakan.
Catatan
- ^ Chandler, David (2000). Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot, Revised Edition. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. hlm. 96–7.
[The bombing] had the effect the Americans wanted—it broke the Communist encirclement of Phnom Penh.
- ^ Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (L’Harmattan, 1995), pp41-8.
- ^ Owen, Taylor and Ben Kiernan, Bombs Over Cambodia, The Walrus, October 2006.
- ^ See also Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia," in Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; and Banister, Judith, and Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia." In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, for an overview of Cambodian civil war estimates.
Referensi
Dokumen Pemerintah yang Dipublikasi
- Nalty, Bernard C., Air War over South Vietnam, 1969–1975. Washington DC: Air Force Museums and History Program, 2000.
- Nalty, Bernard C.The War Against Trucks: Aerial Interdiction in Southern Laos, 1968–1973. Washington DC: Air Force Museums and History Program, 2005.
Sumber Sekunder
- Arnold Isaacs, Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown, et al., Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987
- Lipsman, Samuel, Stephen Weiss, et al., The False Peace: 1972–74, Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.
- Morocco, John, Operation Menu in War in the Shadows. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1988.
- Morocco, John, Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1975. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.
- Shawcross, William, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia. New York: Washington Square Books, 1979.