The Unknown Citizen
"The Unknown Citizen" is a poem written by W. H. Auden in 1939, shortly after he moved from England to the United States. The poem was first published on January 6, 1940 in The New Yorker, and first appeared in book form in Auden's collection Another Time (Random House, 1940).[1]
The poem is the epitaph of a man identified only by a combination of letters and numbers, JS/07/M/378, who is described entirely in external terms: from the point of view of government organizations such as the fictional "Bureau of Statistics." The speaker of the poem concludes that the man had lived an entirely average, therefore exemplary, life. The poem is a satire of standardization at the expense of individualism.[2] The poem is implicitly the work of a government agency at some point in the future, when modern bureaucratizing trends have reached the point where citizens are known by arbitrary numbers and letters, not personal names.
Interpretation
By describing the "average citizen" through the eyes of various government organizations, the poem criticizes standardization and the modern state's relationship with its citizens. The last lines of the poem dismiss the questions of whether he was "free" or "happy," implicitly because the 'statistical method' strategy used by the state to judge his life cannot understand such questions. The manipulative state described in the poem finds the Unknown Citizen to be an ideal one.[3]
The epigraph to "The Unknown Citizen" is a parody of the symbolic Tomb of the Unknown Soldier commemorating unidentified soldiers; tombs of unknown soldiers were first created following the first World War.[4]
It is not just government organizations that Auden criticizes. His employer is "satisfied," his union "reports he paid his dues", his mates are found to like him, and the press are pleased with his buying papers daily and responding to the ads. The industry poll takers are happy with his buying habits, and teachers are glad he stayed out of their way. In Auden's poem, the entire system and society are responsible for the loss of individualism, whether or not government was the initial cause of the decline.
References
- ^ Auden, W. H. (1942). "The Unknown Citizen". Another Time. Random House. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ Haffenden, John. "W.H. Auden." Routledge, 1983.
- ^ Shmoop Editorial Team (11 November 2008). "Home (*) Poetry (*) The Unknown Citizen (*) Introduction". Shmoop University, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- ^ Hewett, Ronald. "A Choice of Poets." London: Harrap, 1968.
External links
- The Unknown Citizen; authorized text
- v
- t
- e
- Poems (1930)
- The Orators (1932)
- On This Island (1936)
- Another Time (1940)
- The Double Man (1941)
- For the Time Being (1944)
- The Age of Anxiety (1947)
- Nones (1951)
- The Shield of Achilles (1955)
- Homage to Clio (1960)
- About the House (1966)
- City Without Walls (1969)
- Academic Graffiti (1971)
- Epistle to a Godson (1972)
- Thank You, Fog (1974)
prose and verse
- Letters from Iceland (1937, with Louis MacNeice)
- Journey to a War (1939, with Christopher Isherwood)
and other books
- The Enchafèd Flood (1950)
- The Dyer's Hand (1962)
- Secondary Worlds (1968)
- A Certain World (1970)
- Forewords and Afterwords (1973)
- "The Orators" (1932)
- "Funeral Blues" (1936)
- "Spain" (1937)
- "Musée des Beaux Arts" (1938)
- "Refugee Blues" (1939)
- "September 1, 1939" (1939)
- "The Unknown Citizen" (1939)
- "Hymn to St. Cecilia" (1940)
- "For the Time Being" (1944)
- "The Sea and the Mirror" (1944)
- "The Age of Anxiety" (1947)
- "In Praise of Limestone" (1948)
- "The Platonic Blow" (1948)
- "Horae Canonicae" (1949–55)
- "Bucolics" (1952–53)
- "The Shield of Achilles" (1955)
- Paid on Both Sides (1928)
- The Dance of Death (1933)
- The Dog Beneath the Skin (1935)
- The Ascent of F6 (1936)
- On the Frontier (1938)
- Play of Daniel (1958)
- Paul Bunyan (1941)
- The Rake's Progress (1951)
- Elegy for Young Lovers (1961)
- The Bassarids (1966)
- Love's Labour's Lost (1973)
- Night Mail (1936)
- George Augustus Auden (father)
- John Bicknell Auden (brother)
- John Auden (first cousin)
- Chester Kallman (companion)