The Swatow dialect, or in Mandarin the Shantou dialect, is a Chinese dialect mostly spoken in Shantou in Guangdong, China. It is a dialect of Chaoshan Min language.[4] It is similar to and largely mutually intelligible with the Teochew dialect. Phonology Shantou dialect has 18 initials, 61 rimes and 8 tones. Initials Rimes | i 衣 | u 污 | a 亞 | ia 呀 | ua 娃 | o 窩 | io 腰 | | e 啞 | | ue 鍋 | ɯ 余 | | | ai 哀 | | uai 歪 | oi 鞋 | | ui 威 | au 歐 | iau 夭 | | ou 烏 | iu 憂 | | | ĩ 丸 | | ã 噯 | ĩã 營 | uã 鞍 | | ĩõ 羊 | | ẽ 楹 | | | ɯ̃ 秧 | | | ãĩ 愛 | | | õĩ 閑 | | | | im 音 | | am 庵 | iam 淹 | | | iŋ 因 | uŋ 溫 | aŋ 按 | iaŋ 央 | uaŋ 汪 | oŋ 翁 | ioŋ 雍 | | eŋ 英 | | | ɤŋ 恩 | | | | iʔ 裂 | | aʔ 鴨 | iaʔ 益 | uaʔ 呴 | oʔ 學 | ioʔ 約 | | eʔ 厄 | | | oiʔ 狹 | iuʔ | | | ip̚ 邑 | | ap̚ 盒 | iap̚ 壓 | uap̚ 法 | | ik̚ 乙 | uk̚ 熨 | ak̚ 惡 | iak̚ 躍 | uak̚ 獲 | ok̚ 屋 | iok̚ 育 | | ek̚ 液 | | | m̩ 唔 | | | Tones No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Tones | dark level 陰平 | dark rising 陰上 | dark departing 陰去 | dark entering 陰入 | light level 陽平 | light rising 陽上 | light departing 陽去 | light entering 陽入 | Tone contour | ˧ (33) | ˥˧ (53) | ˨˩˧ (213) | ˨ (2) | ˥ (55) | ˧˥ (35) | ˩ (11) | ˥ (5) | Example Hanzi | 詩 | 死 | 四 | 薛 | 時 | 是 | 示 | 蝕 | Tone sandhi Shantou dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below: Tone sandhi of first syllable Original citation tone | Tone sandhi | dark level 33 | 23 | light level 55 | 21 | dark rising 53 | 35 | light rising 35 | 21 | dark departing 213 | 55 | light departing 11 | 12 | dark entering 2 | 5 | light entering 5 | 2 | Notes - ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]
References - ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Shantou Dialect entry in Glossika
- Office of Chorography of Shantou City 汕头市地方志办公室 (1999). Shan tou shi zhi 汕头市志 ["Chorography of Shantou City"]. Vol. 72. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe 新华出版社 ["Xinhua Publishing House"]. ISBN 9787501143870.
Further reading - Fielde, Adele M. (1883). A pronouncing and defining dictionary of the Swatow dialect, arranged according to syllables and tones. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Fielde, Adele M. (1878). First Lessons in the Swatow Dialect. Swatow: Swatow Printing Office Company. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Lechler, Rudolf, Samuel Wells Williams , William Duffus (1883). English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow. Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
{{cite book}} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Hsiung-chʻêng, Lin (1886). A handbook of the Swatow vernacular. Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
External links - Media related to Shantou dialect at Wikimedia Commons
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