North Christian Church

North Christian Church
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
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Location	850 Tipton Ln., Columbus, Indiana
Coordinates	39°13′46″N 85°54′53″W / 39.22944°N 85.91472°W / 39.22944; -85.91472
Architect	Eero Saarinen
Architectural style	Modern
MPS	Modernism in Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Design, and Art in Bartholomew County, 1942-1965 MPS
NRHP reference No.	00000705[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	May 16, 2000
Designated NHL	May 16, 2000[2]

The North Christian Church is a former church in Columbus, Indiana. Founded in 1955, it was a congregation of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) until its disbanding in 2022 and is currently being renovated into a branch of the Bartholomew County Public Library. The church building was designed Eero Saarinen and completed in 1964.

The church is significant for its progressive and oft-copied design. Set on 13-acre (5.3 ha) grounds designed by Dan Kiley, the building is hexagonal in shape, with a central metal spire that is 192 feet (59 m) high.^[3] Below the spire, there is an oculus that admits light into the main level. The sanctuary, whose interior is designed by Alexander Girard, is located at the center of the building. Rows of pews surrounded the centrally-placed communion table. The lower level contains classrooms, an auditorium, a kitchen, and an activities area.^[4]

In 1955, 43 members of the First Christian Church, designed by Eliel Saarinen, decided to found a new church affiliated with the Disciples of Christ. The group split with First Christian due to doctrinal differences, particularly over First Christian's refusal to admit women as members of the clergy. After some time of worshiping in each other's homes, in 1956 they purchased 5+1⁄2 acres (2.2 ha) of land with the help of J. Irwin Miller. Although Miller wanted to hire Eero Saarinen to design the new church, he believed it was important that the congregation choose the architect themselves:

I was on the building committee. We interviewed about six well-known architects. They all came in with their slides [and talked about their work]. Eero just brought a notebook. He looked at us and said, "What do you want? What do you want it to be? Don't tell me what you want it to look like, but what you want it to be like." They decided to hire him as soon as he left.

Construction began in September 1962, and the building was completed in March 1964. In addition to its religious use, it was used by numerous community organizations, including the boy and girl scouts and musical ensembles. The Columbus Visitors Center conducted daily tours of the space.^[6]

As membership decreased and upkeep costs increased in the 2000s, the congregation began to have difficulty raising the necessary funds for maintenance of the structure. In April 2018, the Indiana Landmarks historic preservation organization added the church to its list of 10 Most Endangered Indiana landmarks to raise awareness of the problem and find ways to save it.^[7]

In 2019, Landmark Columbus received a 2019 Keeping it Modern Architectural Conservation Grant from the Getty Foundation for the iconic church. With this grant, Landmark Columbus—together with Prudon & Partners, Reed-Hilderbrand, Bryony Roberts Studio, Enrique Ramirez, ICR-ICC and others—developed a conservation management plan to provide the historical context and strategic guidance necessary for the church's long-term upkeep.^[8]

On July 16, 2022, the congregation held a "Celebration of Life" service for the building and officially disbanded.^[9] The spire's cross was removed in August, and the building was closed to the public.^[10][11] Upon its closing, the congregation resolved to donate the building to the Bartholomew County Public Library; until its acceptance by the library the church's care was entrusted to the Columbus Capital Foundation.

On April 15, 2024, the Bartholomew County Public Library Board voted to accept the church as a gift from the former North Christian Church congregation, in light of the library system's increasing needs.^[12] After months of deliberation, the Library Board decided to re-christen the structure as The LEX: the Library of Experience on April 8, 2025. The library plans to convert the sanctuary into a multi-purpose events space, with the church's other rooms being dedicated to a variety of community uses, including education. The conversion is projected to take years.^[13] The structure was broken into and vandalized on April 14, 2025.^[14]

Saarinen believed that modern churches had lost the monumentality of traditional cathedrals because expansions with Sunday schools, gymnasiums, and kitchens took away from the significance of the church itself. He wanted to design a building that returned to the model of a traditional church, while still using Modern architecture that served the needs of the congregation.^[15]

His compromise was to move the school, meeting rooms, auditorium, and kitchen to a hidden basement, so that the only visible part of the church above ground was the sanctuary. Space for the basement was carved out of the earth in a hexagonal shape, reflecting the sanctuary above it. This emphasized the importance of the church itself and isolated the sanctuary as the most important part of the building.^[5]

He was inspired by the steep steps at Angkor Wat and Borobudur, where the visitor has to interact with the architecture and work to reach the sanctuary. He thought that building an entire church on one level made religion "too easy", and took away from the spiritual experience of going to church. Therefore, he chose to elevate the sanctuary of the church so people had to climb up a set of stairs to reach it.^[15]

The church's 13-acre grounds were designed by Dan Kiley, a landscape architect who had collaborated with Girard and Saarinen at J. Irwin Miller's Columbus home. The grounds were gradually developed in the years after the church's construction. Designed as an enclosure, the grounds are dotted with old, native hardwood trees. The church is approached through a winding drive which emerges in front of the church's main entrance into parking lots surrounded by hedges. Collaborating with Saarinen, Kiley designed the sloping berm which establishes the contour of the church's slate roof. The sanctuary is surrounded by a magnolia grove. The enclosure's perimeter is established by maple allées. There is only one unobstructed view of the building, a meadow surrounded by the rest of the planted landscape.^[16]

The interior of the church was conceptualized by Saarinen, with Alexander Girard contributing to the details of the interior design. The grey slate floors, dark mahogany pews, and eerie natural lighting were intended to instill a sense of awe. The primary light source into the sanctuary is the oculus at the base of the spire, directly above the Communion table. This focus of light draws attention to the center of the room, where the Communion takes place.

The Communion table, consisting of twelve pedestals symbolic of the twelve disciples, is placed on a tiered platform. The highest pedestal at the end of the table represents Christ, and hold a silver chalice and loaf of bread for the service. It is the central focus of the sanctuary because it is an important part of the Disciples of Christ service. The congregation sits around it facing each other as a community.^[17]

The pulpit, choir loft, and a Holtkamp organ is situated opposite the main entrance into the sanctuary. The organ is the last of its kind designed by Walter Holtkamp Sr.^[18]

Saarinen designed the long, angular, symmetrical sanctuary and the 192-foot (59 m) tall spire in a single stroke:

On this site, with this kind of central plan, I think I would like to make the church really all one form: all the tower. There would be the gradual building up of the sheltering, hovering planes becoming the spire. The spire would not be put on a box or come up from the sides of the roof, as we did at Stephens College. The whole thing, all the planes, would grow up organically into the spire

From the outside of the building, the spire symbolized reaching upwards to God; on the inside, it created an enclosed soaring space for the congregation. The church was intended to remove man from the earthly world, so instead of being anchored to the ground with solid rectangles, Saarinen used pointed angular forms that hover and point to the heavens. At the top of the spire was a 5-foot (1.5 m) gold leaf cross, which was removed following the congregation's disbanding.^[5]

The baptistery is a small space, decorated with a sunburst design symbolizing the Holy Trinity.^[5] It is separate from the main sanctuary, designed to give the ceremony more dignity. The separation between the baptistery and sanctuary also recalls the tradition of the Early Christian church, when only those who were baptized could attend Communion.^[19]

The North Christian Church was one of the most copied buildings from the mid-twentieth century. Although it did not generate much interest during Saarinen's life, the decades that followed produced copies of the building all across the America.^[5] It was the last building Saarinen designed before his death, and he thought it was one of his greatest achievements:

When I face St. Peter I am able to say that out of the buildings I did during my lifetime, one of the best was this little church, because it has in it a real spirit that speaks forth to all Christians as a witness to their faith

• List of National Historic Landmarks in Indiana
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Bartholomew County, Indiana

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