List of missions in Spanish Florida

The Spanish established missions in Spanish Florida from the founding of San Augustin and Santa Elena in 1565 until the History of Florida#British rule (1763–1783)transfer of Florida to Great Britain in 1763. Throughout those two centuries there were mission churches in the present-day states of Florida, and Georgia, and for a brief period from 1655 to 1670, in South Carolina and Virginia.

This list includes doctrinas, missions that normally had one or more resident missionaries, but does not include visitas, which never had a resident missionary, and had less substantial church buildings where services were conducted by visiting missionaries.

Missions in Spanish Florida
Mission Name Location Province
or Region		 Active Period[A] References
Apalo[B] Potano Unknown [1]
Ajacán[B] 37.23796, -76.50743[2] Virginia 1570 [3]
Assumpción del Puerto or Assumpción de Nuestra Señora[C] Apalachee 1675 [4]
Attissimi, or Atisme, or Jizime Jororo 1693–1697 [5]
Cofa[B] (mouth of Suwannee River) Potano Unknown [6]
Escamau-Orista[B] Santa Elena 1566–1570 [3]
Espogache[B][D] Guale 1605–? [7]
Guale[B] Guale 1568–1570 [8]
Guatari[B] Santa Elena 1566–1570 [9]
Ivitachuco at Abosaya[E] Potano 1704–1706 [10]
Joadi[B] Santa Elena 1566–1570 [11]
La Concepción or Santa María de Ayubale Apalachee 1655–1704 [12]
La Concepción de Atoyquime or Atoquime Jororo 1693–1697 [13]
La Encarnación a la Santa Cruz de Sábacola or Santa Cruz de Sábacola El Menor 30.80585, -84.87636[14] Apalachicola 1674–1677 [15]
La Natividad de Nuestra Señora de Tolomato (Likely the successor to Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato.) St. Augustine 1620s–1702 [16]
La Purificación de Tama or Nuestra Señora de Candelaria de Tama[F] 30.43251, -84.27395[17] Apalachee 1675–1704 [18]
Mission to the Calusa Calusa 1697 [19]
Nombre de Dios 29.90378, -81.31636[20] St. Augustine 1566–1587 [21]
Nuestra Señora de la Soledad y San Luís Pensacola 1718–1740s [22]
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato[D][G] Guale 1587–1597, 1605–? [23]
Ospo or Talapo[B] Guale 1595–1606 [24]
"Our Lady of Guadaloupe" (on St. Joseph Bay)[H] Pensacola 1701–1704 [25]
Palica[B] St. Augustine Early 18th century [26]
San Antón de Carlos 26.4221, -81.86539[27] Calusa 1567–1569 [28]
San Antonio de Anacape/Enacape 29.4335, -81.65423[29][30] Agua Dulce 1587–1655 [31]
Señor San Antonio de Anacape/Enacape[I] 29.4335, -81.65423[29][30] St. Johns River 1680–1699 [32]
San Antonio de Bacuqua 30.50709, -84.23808[33] Apalachee After 1657–1704 [34]
San Antonio de los Chines Apalachee 1694–1704 [35]
San Antonio de Punta Rasa 30.45382, -87.099[36] Pensacola 1749–1761 [37]
San Augustín de Urihica Northern Utina 1630-1657 [38]
San Blás de Avino 29.29626, -81.9168[39] Acuera 1612–1620s [40]
San Buenaventura de Guadalquini (moved to St. Johns River as Santa Cruz de Guadalquini) 31.13393, -81.39363[41] Guale/Mocama 1606-1684 [42]
San Buenaventura de Potano 29.49639, -82.2304[43] Potano 1608–1613 [44]
San Carlos de Borromeo (in Achercatane or Yatcatane) Chacato 1674–1675 [45]
San Carlos de los Chacatos[J] Apalachee 1675–1683 or later [46][47]
San Carlos de Çabacola[K] Apalachicola before 1686-1690 [48]
San Cosme y San Damián de Cupaica or Cupahica, Escambi, or Escabi[L] Apalachee 1639–1704 [49]
San Diego de Helaca/Laca, later moved to
San Diego de Salamototo (on St. Johns River) 		Acuera 1645–1689 [50]
San Diego de Satuache 31.89, -81.20083[51] Guale 1616–1675 [52]
San Felipe de Alabe[M] Guale 1616–1655 [53]
San Felipe (on Cumberland Island) Mocama 1675–1678 [54]
San Felipe (on Amelia Island) Mocama 1689–1702 [55]
San Francisco de Chuaquin Arapaha 1655–1657 [56]
San Francisco de Oconi[N] Apalachee 1655–1704 [57]
San Francisco de Potano 29.72993, -82.44179[58] Potano 1607–1706 [59]
San Ildefonso de Chamini/Chamile Arapaha 1655–1657 [56]
San Joseph de Escambe or San José de Escambe 30.71891, -87.30174[36] Pensacola 1741–1761 [60]
San Joseph de Jororo 28.14541, -81.07598[61] Jororo 1693–1679 [62]
San Joseph de Ocuya or San José de Ocuya Apalachee 1655–1704 [63]
San Joseph de Sapala or San José de Zapala
( Sapelo Island) 		31.51544, -81.24218[64] Guale 1616–1684 [65]
San Juan de Aspalaga Apalachee 1655–1704 [66]
San Juan (de) Guacara (on the Suwannee River) 30.1341, -83.13402[67] Northern Utina 1612–1689 [68]
San Juan del Puerto 30.42801, -81.42546[69] Mocama 1587–1702 [70]
San Julian Agua Dulce 1598–1602 [71]
San Lorenzo de Ibihica Ibi 1612–1630 [72]
San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco 30.34583, -83.87488[73] Apalachee 1612(?)–1704 [74]
San Luis de Acuera/Avino Agua Dulce 1616–1655 [75]
San Luis de Apalachee
or San Luis de Talimali[O] 		30.44865, -84.32005[76] Apalachee 1633(?)–1704 [77]
San Luis de Eloquale 29.23823, -81.96749[78] Acuera Unknown [79]
San Martín de Timucua/Ayacutu/Ayaocuto 29.95341, -82.77498[80] Northern Utina 1610–1659 [81]
San Martín de Tomole Apalachee 1655–1704 [82]
San Matheo de Tolapatafi Yustaga 1656–1689 [83]
San Miguel de Asile 30.34246, -83.82431[84] Yustaga 1651–1689 [85]
San Miguel de Potano Potano Unknown [86]
San Nicolás de Tolentino Chacato 1674–1675 [87]
San Nicolás de Los Chatos[P] Apalachicola 1689 [88]
San Pedro de Atulteca
or San Felipe de Athulteca[Q] 		Guale 1616–1695 [89]
San Pedro de Mocama (Cumberland Island) 30.75415, -81.47263[90] Mocama 1587–1655(?) [91]
San Pedro de los Chines Apalachee 1677(?)–1689(?) [92]
San Pedro de Medellin[R] Apalachee 1681 [93]
San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale[S]
or San Pedro de Patali 		30.46661, -84.15007[94] Apalachee 1655–1704 [95]
San Pedro y San Pablo de Potohiriba
or San Pedro de Potohiriba 		30.36537, -83.48464[96] Yustaga 1630–1705 [97]
San Pedro y San Pablo de Puturiba(to) Guale 1597(?)–1604(?) [98]
San Salvador de Mayaca Mayaca 1655, 1680–1701 [99]
San Sebastian St. Augustine 1587–1601 or 1602 [100]
Santa Ana de Potano[T] Potano Uncertain [101]
Santa Catalina de Ajoica or Afuica, Ahoica, Ahojica, Nihoica, or Nihayca Northern Utina 1655–1685 [102]
Santa Catalina de Guale (St. Catherines Island,
Sapelo Island and Amelia Island, in succession) 		31.62534, -81.17348[103] Guale 1595–1597,
1602–1702		 [104]
Santa Catalina or Santa María de Guale Mocama 1689–1702 [105]
Santa Catarina de Guale St. Augustine 1711–1717 [105]
Santa Clara de Tupiqui (Sapelo River) Guale 1595–1597 [106]
Santa Clara de Tupiqui (Amelia Island) Mocama c. 1616 [107]
Santa Cruz de Cachipile 30.66337, -83.20622

[108]

Arapaha 1655–1657 [56]
Santa Cruz de Guadalquini
Moved from San Buenaventura de Guadalquini 		Mocama 1684–1695 [109][110]
Santa Cruz de Ytuchafun or Ychuntafun Capoli
or Santa Cruz y San Pedro de Alcantara de Ychuntafun 		Apalachee 1672–1704 [111]
Santa Cruz de Tarihica Northern Utina 1612–1695 [112]
Santa Elena de Machaba Yustaga 1655–1705 [113]
Santa Fe de Toloca/Teleco/Toloco 29.92456, -82.50545[114] Potano 1616–1702 [75]
Santa Isabel de Utinahica Unknown[U] 1616 [115]
Santa Lucia de Acuera 29.09504, -81.90663[116] Acuera 1655 [117]
Santa María de Bacuqua Apalachee 1640–1657 [118]
Santa María de Loreto Tequesta 1743 [119]
Santa María de los Angeles de Arapaha Arapaha 1630–1657 [120]
Santa María de los Yamasee
or Santa María de Guale 		Mocama 1675 [121]
Santa Rosa de Ivitanayo Yustaga 1680s [122]
Santiago de Oconi
(near the Okefenokee Swamp) 		Oconi Early 16th century - 1655 [123]
Santo Domingo de Asao[V]
or Santo Domingo de Talaje[W] 		31.36433, -81.41751[124] Guale 1595(?)–1680s [125]
Santo Domingo (Napa or Napoyca) Mocama 1602 [126]
Tequesta[B] 25.77588, -80.1919[127] Tequesta 1567–1570 [128]
Tocoy[B] Aqua Dulce 1602–1606 [71]
Tupiqui[B][D] Guale 1569–1570 [8]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Documentation of when missions were active is incomplete. Years listed in this column may not represent either the earliest or the latest year in which a mission was in use.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Place name. Mission name unknown.
  3. ^ Assumpción served Amacano, Chine, and Pacara people living in Apalachee Province.
  4. ^ a b c Espogache, Tolomato, and Tupiqui were neighboring towns in Guale which seem to have merged, or to have hosted the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe in sequence.
  5. ^ Refugees from San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco tried to settle here, but were driven on to St. Augustine by Muscogee and other raiders.
  6. ^ La Purificación served Yamassee people living in Apalachee Province.
  7. ^ Some residents of the mission may have moved to La Natividad de Nuestra Señora de Tolomato near St. Augustine.
  8. ^ A short-lived Spanish lookout post on St. Joseph Bay had two churches, one for the Spanish, and one for Chacatos living in the area.
  9. ^ The second San Antonio mission served Yemasee people at the same site as the earlier Agua Dulce mission.
  10. ^ San Carlos de Los Chacatos served Chacato people.
  11. ^ San Carlos de Çabacola served people from Sabacola and may have served Chacato people. The mission may have been near San Nicolás de Los Chatos.
  12. ^ Moved to San Damián de Ilcombe after 1686.
  13. ^ San Felipe may have merged with San Pedro de Atulteca.
  14. ^ The mission was in an Apalachee village with no connection to either the Timuqua Oconi or the Hitchiti Oconee.
  15. ^ The mission was at Xinayca (also called Nixaxipa) until 1656.
  16. ^ San Nicolás de Los Chatos served Chacato people. The mission may have been near San Carlos de Çabacola.
  17. ^ The Atulteca mission had moved to Cumberland Island by 1675, then to Amelia Island by 1695.
  18. ^ San Pedro served Chine people living in Apalachee Province.
  19. ^ The mission may have moved more than once.
  20. ^ Hann indicates that historical mentions of a mission at Santa Ana are unreliable.
  21. ^ Santa Isabel was located somewhere in the southern part of the Altamaha River basin, northeast of the mission at Santa Cruz de Tarihica.
  22. ^ Originally by the Altamaha River on the mainland, Santo Domingo moved to St. Simon's Island by 1675.
  23. ^ Asao and Talafe were distinct towns that were later merged. Both names of the mission were used at various times.

References

  1. ^ Hann 1990, p. 468.
  2. ^ "AJACAN Mission of Spanish La Florida". flspmissions.tripod.com. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  3. ^ a b Hann 1990, p. 430.
  4. ^ Gannon 1983, p. 63.
  5. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 509–510.
  6. ^ Milanich 1995, p. 176.
  7. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 447–449.
  8. ^ a b Hann 1990, p. 429.
  9. ^ Hann 1990, p. 432.
  10. ^ Hann 1990, p. 513.
  11. ^ Hann 1990, p. 433.
  12. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 447–478.
  13. ^ Hann 1990, p. 509.
  14. ^ "Sabacola El Menor Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
  15. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 494–495.
  16. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 501–502.
  17. ^ "Myers Park Historic District Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  18. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 489–490.
  19. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 511–513.
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  21. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 426–427.
  22. ^ Worth, John E. "Persacola Colonial Frontiers Project". Faculty Homepage: Dr. John E. Worth. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
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  24. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 449–450.
  25. ^ Saccente & White 2015, pp. 301–302.
  26. ^ Hann 1990, p. 431.
  27. ^ "San Antón de Carlos · Estero, FL 33928". San Antón de Carlos · Estero, FL 33928. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
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  30. ^ a b "The Mount Royal Site Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
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  32. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 504–506.
  33. ^ Kinni, Natalie (2023). Closing the Gap between Archaeologist-Collector Collaboration (Report). Florida State University Libraries. pp. 38, 42. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
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  35. ^ Hann 1990, p. 491–492.
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  37. ^ "John Worth Faculty Homepage - PCF Project - Mission San Antonio". pages.uwf.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  38. ^ Hann 1990, p. 470.
  39. ^ "UF Digital Collections". ufdc.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  40. ^ Boyer 2009, pp. 46–47.
  41. ^ "Early History of St. Simons Island Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  42. ^ Hann 1990, p. 442.
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  45. ^ Hann 2006, p. 29.
  46. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 492–493.
  47. ^ Hann 2006, pp. 27, 46.
  48. ^ Hann 2006, pp. 46–47.
  49. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 483–485.
  50. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 488, 502–504.
  51. ^ "Guale Village at Seven-Mile Bend Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
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  53. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 467–468.
  54. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 498–499.
  55. ^ Hann 1990, p. 499.
  56. ^ a b c Hann 1990, p. 471.
  57. ^ Hann 1990, p. 478.
  58. ^ "CMAP - Fox Pond". cmap.floridamuseum.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
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  61. ^ "Florida Native Jororo Spanish Mission Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  62. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 507–509.
  63. ^ Hann 1990, p. 479.
  64. ^ Jeffries, Richard W.; Moore, Christopher (2009). In Search of Mission San Joseph de Sapala: Mission Period Archaeological Research on Sapelo Island, Georgia 2003-2007. pp. 52–53.
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  66. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 479–480.
  67. ^ "CMAP - Baptizing Spring". cmap.floridamuseum.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  68. ^ Hann 1990, p. 462.
  69. ^ "Site of the Mission of San Juan del Puerto Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  70. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 436–437.
  71. ^ a b Hann 1990, p. 451.
  72. ^ Hann 1996a, pp. 153–154.
  73. ^ Messer, Haley (2016). "Analysis of Cultural Materials from Mission San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco (8JE100)". Florida State University Libraries: 35 – via FSU Digital Repository.
  74. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 476–477.
  75. ^ a b Hann 1990, p. 460.
  76. ^ "Mission San Luis · 2100 W Tennessee St, Tallahassee, FL 32304". Mission San Luis · 2100 W Tennessee St, Tallahassee, FL 32304. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
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  78. ^ "UF Digital Collections". ufdc.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  79. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 469–470.
  80. ^ "CMAP - Fig Springs". cmap.floridamuseum.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
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  82. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 486–487.
  83. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 474–475.
  84. ^ Slade, Alissa (2006). "Analysis of Artifacts and Archaeology at 8JE106, a Spanish Mission Site in Florida". Florida State University Libraries: 15, 34–42 – via FSU Digital Repository.
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  86. ^ Hann 1990, p. 459.
  87. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 493–494.
  88. ^ Hann 1990, p. 494.
  89. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 464–466.
  90. ^ Hellman, Robert (2007). Archaeological Investigations at Dungeness Historical District: Cumberland Island National Seashore (PDF) (Report). Southeastern Archaeology Conference. p. 33. Retrieved August 24, 2024.
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  92. ^ Hann 1990, p. 491.
  93. ^ Hann 2006, pp. 25–27.
  94. ^ "The Mission Of San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  95. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 480–482.
  96. ^ "Site of San Pedro Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  97. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 473–474.
  98. ^ Hann 1990, p. 438.
  99. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 487, 506–507.
  100. ^ Hann 1990, p. 435.
  101. ^ Milanich 1995, p. 187.
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  114. ^ "Santa Fe de Toloca Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
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  116. ^ Boyer 2017, p. ?.
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  121. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 497–498.
  122. ^ Hann 1990, p. 502.
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  124. ^ "Site of Early Spanish Mission Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  125. ^ Hann 1990, pp. 443–445.
  126. ^ Hann 1990, p. 452.
  127. ^ "Tequesta Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  128. ^ Hann 1990, p. 428.

Sources

  • Boyer, Willet A., III (March–June 2009). "Missions to the Acuera: An Analysis of the Historic and Archaeological Evidence for European Interaction With a Timucuan Chiefdom". The Florida Anthropologist. 62 (1–2): 45–56. ISSN 0015-3893 – via University of Florida Digital Collections.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Boyer, Willet A., III (September 2017). "The Hutto/Martin Site of Marion County, Florida, 8MR3447: Studies at an Early Contact/Mission Site". The Florida Anthropologist. 70 (3): 122–139 – via University of Florida Digital Collections.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Gannon, Michael V. (1983) [1965]. The Cross in the Sand (2nd ed.). Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-0776-2.
  • Hann, John H. (April 1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 470–471. doi:10.2307/1006866. JSTOR 1006866. S2CID 147329347.
  • Hann, John H. (1996a). A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1424-1.
  • Hann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9-780-8130-2982-5.
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 82. ISBN 0-8130-1360-7.
  • Milanich, Jerald (1999a). Laboring in the fields of the Lord: Spanish missions and Southeastern Indians. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1560989408.
  • Saccente, Julie Rogers; White, Nancy Marie (2015). "Fort San José, a Remote Spanish Outpost in Northwest Florida, 1700–1721". In Funari, Pedro Paulo A.; Senatore, Maria Ximena (eds.). Archaeology of Culture Contact and Colonialism in Spanish and Portuguese America. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 297–311. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08069-7_16. ISBN 978-3-319-08069-7.
  • "John Worth Faculty Homepage - PCF Project - Mission San Joseph de Escambe". pages.uwf.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-30.

Further reading

  • Ashley, Keith H. (2013). "Grafting Onto the Native Landscape: The Franciscan Mission System in Northeast Florida". In Johnson, Timothy J.; Melville, Gert (eds.). From La Florida to La California: Franciscan Evangelization in the Spanish Borderlands. Academy of American Franciscan History. pp. 143–164. ISBN 978-0-88382-068-1.
  • Bolton, Herbert Eugene (1964). Bannon, John Francis (ed.). Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-8061-0612-3.
  • Burnett, Gene (1986). Florida's Past, Volume 1. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press. ISBN 1-56164-115-4.
  • Cassanello, Robert; Stapleton, Kevin (November 18, 2013). "Episode 07 Spanish Mission Bell". A History of Central Florida Podcast. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
  • Childers, Ronald Wayne (2004). "The Presidio System in Spanish Florida 1565-1763". Historical Archaeology. 38 (3): 24–32. doi:10.1007/BF03376651. JSTOR 25617178. S2CID 160809833.
  • Deagan, Kathleen A. (1978). "Cultures in Transition: Fusion and Assimilation among the Eastern Timucua". In Milanich, Jerald; Proctor, Samuel (eds.). Tacachale:Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period. Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida. pp. 89–119. ISBN 0-8130-0535-3.
  • Ethridge, Robbie (2023). "The American South to 1600". In Brundage, W. Fitzhugh; Edwards, Laura F.; Sensbach, Jon F. (eds.). A New History of the American South. UNC Press Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4696-7019-5.
  • Floyd, Joseph (Winter 2013). "Ghosts of Guale: Sugar Houses, Spanish Missions, and the Struggle for Georgia's Colonial Heritage". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 97 (4): 387–410. JSTOR 24636327.
  • Francis, J. Michael; Kole, Kathleen M. (2011). "Introduction: Spanish Florida on the Eve of Uprising". In Francis, J. Michael; Kole, Kathleen M. (eds.). Murder and Martyrdom in Spanish Florida: Don Juan and the Guale Uprising of 1597 (PDF). Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 95. pp. 17–38.
  • Griffin, John W. (1993). "Foreword". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.). The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. xv–xvii. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
  • Hann, John H. (July 1987). "Twilight of the Mocama and Guale Aborigines as Portrayed in the 1695 Spanish Visitation". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 66 (1): 1–24.
  • Hann, John H. (1993). "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.). The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
  • Hann, John H. (1996b). "The Missions of Spanish Florida". In Gannon, Michael (ed.). The New History of Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1415-8.
  • Larson, Lewis H. Jr. (1978). "Historic Guale Indians of the Georgia Coast and the Impact of the Spanish Mission Effort". In Milanich, Jerald; Proctor, Samuel (eds.). Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period. Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida. pp. 120–140. ISBN 0-8130-0535-3.
  • McEwan, Bonnie G. (1993). "Preface". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.). The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. xix–xxi. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (January 1972). "Tacatacuru and the San Pedro de Mocamo Mission". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 50 (3): 283–291. JSTOR 30145847.
  • Milanich, Jerald (1999b). The Timucua. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21864-5. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (2002). ""A Very Great Harvest of Souls": Timucua Indians and the Impact of European Colonization". In Merrill, William L.; Goddard, Ives (eds.). Anthropology, History, and American Indians: Essays in Honor of William Curtis Sturtevant. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 113–120.
  • Mormino, Gary R. (2014). "Introduction. Ponce's Ghosts: Spain and Florida, 1513–2013". In Balsera, Viviana Díaz; May, Rachel A. (eds.). La Florida: Five Hundred Years of Hispanic Presence. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-5505-3.
  • Saunders, Rebecca (1993). "Architecture of the Missions Santa María and Santa Catalina de Amelia". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.). The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
  • Thomas, David Hurst (1993). "The Archeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: Our First 15 Years". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.). The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 1–34. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
  • Worth, John E. (1998). Timucua Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida. Volume 2: Resistance and Destruction. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1575-8.
  • Worth, John E. (2007). The Struggle for the Georgia Coast. The University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-5411-4.
  • Worth, John E. "Persacola Colonial Frontiers Project". Faculty Homepage: Dr. John E. Worth. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  • UWF Staff (2015). "Luna Expedition". UWF Anthropology and Archeology. University of West Florida. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  • UWF Staff (2016). "Selected Chronology of European Colonization in the Southeastern U.S." University of West Florida. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  • The New Georgia Encyclopedia: Spanish Missions Archived 2013-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
  • Spanish Mission Bell at A History of Central Florida Podcast
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