Senate, 2015–2019 | |||||
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![]() Composition of the Senate | |||||
Overview | |||||
Legislative body | Senate | ||||
Meeting place | Binnenhof | ||||
Term | 9 June 2015 | – 10 June 2019||||
Election | 2015 | ||||
Members | 75 | ||||
President of the Senate | Ankie Broekers-Knol |
Between 9 June 2015 and 10 June 2019, 98 individuals served as representatives in the Senate, the 75-seat upper house of the States-General of the Netherlands. 75 representatives were elected in the 26 May 2015 Senate election and installed at the start of the term; 23 representatives were appointed as replacements when elected representatives resigned or went on leave.
During this period, the second and third Rutte cabinets reigned. The former coalition consisted of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD, 13 seats) and the Labour Party (PvdA, 8 seats). The opposition was composed of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA, 12 seats), Democrats 66 (D66, 10 seats), Party for Freedom (PVV, 9 seats), Socialist Party (SP, 9 seats), GroenLinks (GL, 4 seats), Christian Union (CU, 3 seats), Party for the Animals (PvdD, 2 seats), Reformed Political Party (SGP, 2 seats), 50PLUS (50+, 2 seats), and Independent Senate Group (OSF, 1 seat).
Members
[edit]All members are sworn in at the start of the term, even if they are not new. Assumed office in this list therefore refers to the swearing in during this term (or return date of members who left), while all members are automatically considered to have left office at the end of the term.
Name | Parliamentary group | Assumed office | Left office | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max Aardema | PVV | 31 October 2017[a] | 13 February 2018 | [1] | |
20 March 2018[a] | 3 July 2018 | ||||
16 October 2018 | 10 June 2019 | ||||
Margo Andriessen | D66 | 25 September 2018 | 10 June 2019 | [2] | |
Bastiaan van Apeldoorn | SP | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [3] | |
Joop Atsma | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [4] | |
Martine Baay-Timmerman | 50+ | 28 March 2017 | 10 June 2019 | [5] | |
Joris Backer | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [6] | |
Marleen Barth | PvdA | 9 June 2015 | 8 February 2018[b] | [7] | |
Martin van Beek | PVV | 28 March 2017 | 24 October 2017[c] | [8] | |
14 February 2018 | 13 March 2018[c] | ||||
4 July 2018 | 26 August 2018[d] | ||||
Jannette Beuving | PvdA | 9 June 2015 | 27 March 2018[e] | [9] | |
Sophie van Bijsterveld | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [10] | |
Mirjam Bikker | CU | 9 June 2015 | 31 August 2016[f] | [11] | |
22 December 2016 | 10 June 2019 | ||||
Harmen Binnema | GL | 2 October 2018 | 10 June 2019 | [12] | |
Annelien Bredenoord | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 2 October 2018[f] | [13] | |
24 January 2019 | 10 June 2019 | ||||
Elco Brinkman | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [14] | |
Ankie Broekers-Knol | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [15] | |
Jan Anthonie Bruijn | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [16] | |
Reina de Bruijn-Wezeman | VVD | 21 March 2017 | 10 June 2019 | [17] | |
René Dercksen | PVV | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [18] | |
Diederik van Dijk | SGP | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [19] | |
Peter van Dijk | PVV | 8 September 2015[g] | 28 December 2015 | [20] | |
28 March 2017 | 10 June 2019 | ||||
Hans-Martin Don | SP | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [21] | |
Anne-Wil Duthler | VVD[h] | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [22] | |
Duthler[i] | |||||
Tuur Elzinga | SP | 9 June 2015 | 30 September 2016[j] | [23] | |
Hans Engels | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [24] | |
Peter Ester | CU | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [25] | |
Marjolein Faber | PVV | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [26] | |
Mary Fiers | PvdA | 3 April 2018 | 10 June 2019 | [27] | |
Anne Flierman | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [28] | |
Ruard Ganzevoort | GL | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [29] | |
Arda Gerkens | SP | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [30] | |
Marion Gout-van Sinderen | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [31] | |
Thom de Graaf | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 19 September 2018[k] | [32] | |
Frank de Grave | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 2 September 2018[l] | [33] | |
Alexander van Hattem | PVV | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [34] | |
Loek Hermans | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 3 November 2015[b] | [35] | |
Wopke Hoekstra | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 24 October 2017[m] | [36] | |
Henk ten Hoeve | OSF | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [37] | |
Helmi Huijbregts-Schiedon | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [38] | |
Annemarie Jorritsma | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [39] | |
Frank van Kappen | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [40] | |
Niek Jan van Kesteren | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [41] | |
Ton van Kesteren | PVV | 28 March 2017 | 10 June 2019 | [42] | |
Tanja Klip-Martin | VVD | 12 July 2016 | 10 June 2019 | [43] | |
Ben Knapen | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [44] | |
Menno Knip | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [45] | |
Niko Koffeman | PvdD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [46] | |
Frank Köhler | SP | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [47] | |
Kees Kok | PVV | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [48] | |
Alexander Kops | PVV | 9 June 2015 | 21 March 2017[n] | [49] | |
Tiny Kox | SP | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [50] | |
Pauline Krikke | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 15 March 2017[o] | [51] | |
Roel Kuiper | CU | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [52] | |
Floriske van Leeuwen | PvdD | 16 October 2018 | 11 March 2019[p] | [53] | |
Frits Lintmeijer | GL | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [54] | |
Pia Lokin-Sassen | CDA | 31 October 2017 | 10 June 2019 | [55] | |
Gidi Markuszower | PVV | 9 June 2015 | 21 March 2017[n] | [56] | |
Maria Martens | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [57] | |
Meta Meijer | SP | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [58] | |
Jan Nagel | 50+ | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [59] | |
Jopie Nooren | PvdA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [60] | |
Ria Oomen-Ruijten | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [61] | |
Henk Overbeek | SP | 4 October 2016 | 10 June 2019 | [62] | |
Henk Pijlman | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [63] | |
Gabriëlle Popken | PVV | 9 June 2015 | 7 September 2015[f] | [64] | |
29 December 2015 | 20 March 2017[n] | ||||
André Postema | PvdA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [65] | |
Henriëtte Prast | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 28 February 2019[q] | [66] | |
Geert Reuten | SP | 26 June 2018 | 10 June 2019 | [67] | |
Marnix van Rij | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [68] | |
Alexander Rinnooy Kan | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [69] | |
Ton Rombouts | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [70] | |
Martin van Rooijen | 50+ | 9 June 2015 | 21 March 2017[n] | [71] | |
Bob Ruers | SP | 9 June 2015 | 19 June 2018[r] | [72] | |
5 February 2019 | 10 June 2019 | ||||
Sybe Schaap | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [73] | |
Peter Schalk | SGP | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [74] | |
Herman Schaper | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 15 February 2019[s] | [75] | |
Paul Schnabel | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [76] | |
Koos Schouwenaar | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [77] | |
Nico Schrijver | PvdA | 9 June 2015 | 31 August 2017[l] | [78] | |
Esther-Mirjam Sent | PvdA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [79] | |
Herman Sietsma | CU | 13 September 2016[t] | 21 December 2016 | [80] | |
Mohamed Sini | PvdA | 6 December 2016 | 10 June 2019 | [81] | |
Dannij van der Sluijs | PVV | 28 March 2017 | 10 June 2019 | [82] | |
Petra Stienen | D66 | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [83] | |
Gom van Strien | PVV | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [84] | |
Tineke Strik | GL | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [85] | |
Ben Swagerman | VVD | 10 November 2015 | 10 July 2016[u] | [86] | |
Christine Teunissen | PvdD | 9 June 2015 | 9 October 2018[n] | [87] | |
12 March 2019 | 10 June 2019 | ||||
Mart van de Ven | VVD | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [88] | |
Lambert Verheijen | PvdA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [89] | |
Anita Vink | D66 | 9 October 2018[v] | 23 January 2019 | [90] | |
29 January 2019 | 10 June 2019 | ||||
Janny Vlietstra | PvdA | 12 September 2017 | 10 June 2019 | [91] | |
Marijke Vos | GL | 9 June 2015 | 25 September 2018[l] | [92] | |
Ruud Vreeman | PvdA | 9 June 2015 | 30 November 2016[w] | [93] | |
Greetje de Vries-Leggedoor | CDA | 9 June 2015 | 10 June 2019 | [94] | |
Danai van Weerdenburg | PVV | 9 June 2015 | 21 March 2017[n] | [95] | |
Roel Wever | VVD | 11 September 2018 | 10 June 2019 | [96] | |
Anneke Wezel | SP | 9 June 2015 | 31 January 2019[x] | [97] | |
Wouter van Zandbrink | PvdA | 13 February 2018 | 10 June 2019 | [98] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Replaced Martin van Beek during his sick leave
- ^ a b Left because of a scandal
- ^ a b Went on sick leave
- ^ Died in office
- ^ Left to be a judge at the Arnhem-Leeuwarden Court of Appeal
- ^ a b c Went on parental leave
- ^ Replaced Gabriëlle Popken during her parental leave
- ^ Until 26 April 2019
- ^ Starting 26 April 2019
- ^ Left to work for the Federation of Dutch Trade Unions
- ^ Left to become vice-president of the Council of State
- ^ a b c Left to become state councillor for the Council of State's advisory division
- ^ Left to join the third Rutte cabinet
- ^ a b c d e f Left to join the House of Representatives
- ^ Left to become mayor of The Hague
- ^ Left to allow for the return of Christine Teunissen
- ^ Left for political reasons
- ^ Left to join the Provincial Executive of Limburg
- ^ Left for personal reasons
- ^ Replaced Mirjam Bikker during her parental leave
- ^ Left to work for Qatar Airways
- ^ Replaced Annelien Bredenoord during her parental leave
- ^ Left to become acting mayor of Zaanstad
- ^ Left to work for the Tax and Customs Administration
References
[edit]- ^ "M. (Max) Aardema". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. M.F. (Margo) Andriessen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. E.B. (Bastiaan) van Apeldoorn". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "J.J. (Joop) Atsma". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. M.H.H. (Martine) Baay-Timmerman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Jhr. Mr. J.P. (Joris) Backer". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. M.A.M. (Marleen) Barth". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "M.J. (Martin) van Beek MBA". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. J. (Jannette) Beuving". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. S.Ch. (Sophie) van Bijsterveld". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. M.H. (Mirjam) Bikker". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. H.A. (Harmen) Binnema". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. A.L. (Annelien) Bredenoord". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr.Drs. L.C. (Elco) Brinkman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. A. (Ankie) Broekers-Knol". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. J.A. (Jan Anthonie) Bruijn". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 May 2025.
- ^ "R.G. (Reina) de Bruijn-Wezeman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "R.G.J. (René) Dercksen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. D.J.H. (Diederik) van Dijk". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "P. (Peter) van Dijk". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. H.M. (Hans-Martin) Don". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. A.W. (Anne-Wil) Duthler". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "A. (Tuur) Elzinga". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Mr. J.W.M. (Hans) Engels". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. P. (Peter) Ester". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "M.H.M. (Marjolein) Faber-van de Klashorst". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. M.C.Th. (Mary) Fiers". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. A.H. (Anne) Flierman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. R.R. (Ruard) Ganzevoort". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "A.M.V. (Arda) Gerkens". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs M.W. (Marion) Gout-van Sinderen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. Th.C. (Thom) de Graaf". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. F.H.G. (Frank) de Grave". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 May 2025.
- ^ "A.W.J.A. (Alexander) van Hattem". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. L.M.L.H.A. (Loek) Hermans". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. W.B. (Wopke) Hoekstra". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. H. (Henk) ten Hoeve". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "W.H. (Helmi) Huijbregts-Schiedon". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 May 2025.
- ^ "A. (Annemarie) Jorritsma-Lebbink". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 May 2025.
- ^ "F.E. (Frank) van Kappen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 22 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. N.J.J. (Niek Jan) van Kesteren". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "A.J.M. (Ton) van Kesteren". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. T. (Tanja) Klip-Martin". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. H.P.M. (Ben) Knapen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. M.A.J. (Menno) Knip". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. N.K. (Niko) Koffeman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "F. (Frank) Köhler". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. C.J. (Kees) Kok". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "A. (Alexander) Kops". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "M.J.M. (Tiny) Kox". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "P.Ch. (Pauline) Krikke". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. R. (Roel) Kuiper". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "F. (Floriske) van Leeuwen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. F.Ch.W.Ch. (Frits) Lintmeijer". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. P.E.M.S. (Pia) Lokin-Sassen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. G. (Gidi) Markuszower". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. M.J.Th. (Maria) Martens". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "M.P. (Meta) Meijer". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "J.G. (Jan) Nagel". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. J.E.A.M. (Jopie) Nooren". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "M.G.H.C. (Ria) Oomen-Ruijten". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. H.W. (Henk) Overbeek". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. H.J. (Henk) Pijlman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "G.J.F. (Gabriëlle) Popken LL.M". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. A. (André) Postema". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. H.M. (Henriëtte) Prast". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. G.A.Th.M. (Geert) Reuten MSc". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. M.L.A. (Marnix) van Rij". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. A.H.G. (Alexander) Rinnooy Kan". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr.Dr. A.G.J.M. (Ton) Rombouts". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. M.J. (Martin) van Rooijen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. R.F. (Bob) Ruers". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr.ing. S. (Sybe) Schaap". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "P. (Peter) Schalk". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. H.A. (Herman) Schaper MA". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. P. (Paul) Schnabel". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "J.M. (Koos) Schouwenaar". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. N.J. (Nico) Schrijver". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. E.M. (Esther-Mirjam) Sent". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. H.H. (Herman) Sietsma MPA". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "M. (Mohamed) Sini MA". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "D.J. (Dannij) van der Sluijs". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. C.P.W.J. (Petra) Stienen MA". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Ir. drs. G.A. (Gom) van Strien". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Prof.Dr. M.H.A. (Tineke) Strik". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. B.J. (Ben) Swagerman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. Ch. (Christine) Teunissen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. M.P.M. (Mart) van de Ven". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. L.H.J. (Lambert) Verheijen". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. A.P. (Anita) Vink". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "J.G. (Janny) Vlietstra". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Ir. M.B. (Marijke) Vos". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "Dr. R.L. (Ruud) Vreeman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.
- ^ "G. (Greetje) de Vries-Leggedoor". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. V.D.D. (Danai) van Weerdenburg". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Drs. R. (Roel) Wever". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2025.
- ^ "Mr. A.M.T. (Anneke) Wezel EMoC". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ^ "Ir. W.W. (Wouter) van Zandbrink". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2025.